sources.listaptitude, apt-get, và aptapt-cacheapt-file Commandaptitude, synaptic/etc/apt/sources.list will list the different repositories that publish Debian packages. APT will then import the list of packages published by each of these sources. This operation is achieved by downloading Packages.xz files or a variant such as Packages.gz or .bz2 (using a different compression method) in case of a source of binary packages and by analyzing their contents. In case of a source of source packages, APT downloads Sources.xz files or a variant using a different compression method. When an old copy of these files is already present, APT can update it by only downloading the differences (see sidebar TIP Incremental updates).
/etc/apt/sources.list file represents a package source (repository) and is made of at least three parts separated by spaces. For a complete description of the file format and the accepted entry compositions see sources.list(5).
Ví dụ 6.1. Example entry format in /etc/apt/sources.list
deb url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX deb-src url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX
debdeb-srcPackages.xz files, it must give a full and valid URL. This can consist in a Debian mirror or in any other package archive set up by a third party. The URL can start with file:// to indicate a local source installed in the system's file hierarchy, with http:// or https:// to indicate a source accessible from a web server, or with ftp:// or ftps:// for a source available on an FTP server. The URL can also start with cdrom: for CD-ROM/DVD/Blu-ray disc based installations, although this is less frequent, since network-based installation methods are eventually more common. More methods like ssh:// or tor+http(s):// are supported and are either described in sources.list(5) or their respective apt-transport-method package documentation.
./” which refers to the absence of a subdirectory. The packages are then directly at the specified URL. But in the most common case, the repositories will be structured like a Debian mirror, with multiple distributions, each having multiple components. In those cases, name the chosen distribution by its “codename” — see the list in sidebar CỘNG ĐỒNG Bruce Perens, một nhà lãnh đạo nhiều tai tiếng — or by the corresponding “suite” (oldoldstable, oldstable, stable, testing, unstable) and then the components to enable. A typical Debian mirror provides the components main, contrib, and non-free.
cdrom mô tả CD / DVD-ROM bạn có. Trái với các mục nhập khác, đĩa CD-ROM không phải lúc nào cũng có sẵn vì nó đã được đưa vào ổ đĩa và chỉ có thể đọc được một đĩa duy nhất một lần. Vì những lý do này, các nguồn này được quản lý theo một cách hơi khác và cần phải được thêm vào với chương trình apt-cdrom, thường được thực hiện với tham số add. Sau đó sẽ yêu cầu đĩa được đưa vào ổ đĩa và sẽ duyệt nội dung tìm kiếm các tập tin Packages. Nó sẽ sử dụng các tệp này để cập nhật cơ sở dữ liệu các gói có sẵn (thao tác này thường được thực hiện bởi lệnh apt update). Từ đó, APT có thể yêu cầu đĩa được lắp nếu nó cần một trong các gói của nó.
sources.list tiêu chuẩn cho một hệ thống đang chạy phiên bản Stable của Debian:
Ví dụ 6.2. Tệp tin /etc/apt/sources.list cho người dùng bản Debian Stable (ổn định)
# Security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free ## Debian mirror # Base repository deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free # Stable updates deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # Stable backports deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
stable, stable-updates, stable-backports) because we don't want to have the underlying distribution changed outside of our control when the next stable release comes out.
sources.list sẽ được sử dụng. Vì lý do này, các nguồn phi chính thức thường được thêm vào cuối tập tin.
security.debian.org, a small set of machines maintained by the Debian System Administrators. This archive contains security updates prepared by the Debian Security Team and/or by package maintainers for the Stable and Oldstable distribution.
Debian Security Advisory (DSA) and announces it together with the security update on the [email protected] mailing list (archive).
proposed-updates repository, carefully selected by the Stable Release Managers. All updates are announced on the [email protected] mailing list (archive) and will be included in the next Stable point release anyway.
proposed-updates là nơi cập nhật dự kiến được chuẩn bị (dưới sự giám sát của “Nhà Quản lý phát hành phiên bản ổn định“).
bullseye-proposed-updates alias which is both more explicit and more consistent since buster-proposed-updates also exists (for the Oldstable updates):
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
stable-backports chứa “backports của các gói“. Thuật ngữ dùng để chỉ một gói phần mềm gần đây đã được biên dịch lại cho một phân phối cũ hơn, thường là cho Stable.
stable-backports are only created from packages available in Testing. This ensures that all installed backports will be upgradable to the corresponding stable version once the next stable release of Debian is available.
APT will not install them unless you give explicit instructions to do so (or unless you have already done so with a former version of the given backport):
$sudo apt-get install package/bullseye-backports$sudo apt-get install -t bullseye-backports package
sources.list chuẩn cho một hệ thống đang chạy phiên bản Testing hoặc Unstable của Debian:
Ví dụ 6.3. /etc/apt/sources.list file for users of Debian Testing/Unstable
# Unstable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free # Testing deb https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free # Testing security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free # Stable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free # Stable security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ stable-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable-security main contrib non-free
sources.list file APT will install packages from the Unstable suite. If that is not desired, use the APT::Default-Release setting (see Phần 6.2.3, “Nâng cấp hệ thống”) to instruct APT to pick packages from another suite (most likely Testing in this case).
sources.list của APT không dẫn tới việc sử dụng các gói của nó một cách có hệ thống. Dòng được thêm vào là:
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib non-free
sources.list examples in this chapter refer to package repositories hosted on deb.debian.org. Those URLs will redirect you to servers which are close to you and which are managed by Content Delivery Networks (CDN) whose main role is to store multiple copies of the files across the world, and to deliver them as fast as possible to users. The CDN companies that Debian is working with are Debian partners who are offering their services freely to Debian. While none of those servers are under direct control of Debian, the fact that the whole archive is sealed by GPG signatures makes it a non-issue.
deb.debian.org can try to find a better mirror in the official mirror list:
ftp.country-code.debian.org (e.g. ftp.us.debian.org for the USA, ftp.fr.debian.org for France, etc.) which are covering many countries and which are pointing to one (or more) of the best mirrors available within that country.
deb.debian.org, there used to be httpredir.debian.org. This service would identify a mirror close to you (among the list of official mirrors, using GeoIP mainly) and would redirect APT's requests to that mirror. This service has been deprecated due to reliability concerns and now httpredir.debian.org provides the same CDN-based service as deb.debian.org.
mentors.debian.net site is interesting (although it only provides source packages), since it gathers packages created by candidates to the status of official Debian developer or by volunteers who wish to create Debian packages without going through that process of integration. These packages are made available without any guarantee regarding their quality; make sure that you check their origin and integrity and then test them before you consider using them in production.
sources.list của APT không được thay đổi, nhưng APT được định cấu hình để sử dụng nó làm proxy cho các yêu cầu đi ra ngoài.
/etc/approx/approx.conf:
# <name> <repository-base-url> debian https://deb.debian.org/debian security http://security.debian.org/debian-security
sources.list file to point to the approx server:
# Sample sources.list pointing to a local approx server deb http://localhost:9999/security bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://localhost:9999/debian bullseye main contrib non-free